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ISSUED BY 
The Department of Smoke Abatement 


Geclaridt Ohio 


> SMOKE PREVENTION. 
> AND ECONOMY. 


£ = +3 © ts 4 
In all industrial centers, except where water 
power in large amounts' is av ailable, ttie> ques- 
tion of fuel, its economical handling ‘ants torn- 

bustion is of prime importance. 

By “fuel” is meant carbon, hydrocarbons or 
a combination of the two, either in the solid, 
liquid, or gaseous state. 

The “Smoke Nuisance” is a problem whose 
determining factors are geography, freight 
rates, public sentiment and economy. 

The geography of Cleveland and prevailing 
freight rates are such, with respect to the an- 
thracite coal fields, the natural gas and oil 
supply, and the bituminous coal deposits, that 
for most industrial operations bituminous coal 
is the only fuel which is commercially feasible, 
and this is, above all other fuels, the smoky 
fuel. 

Public sentiment in Cleveland and consid- 
erations of economy both demand that. the 
“smoke nuisance’ be eliminated as a civic 
problem. 

It is to the method of handling bituminous 
coal in order to produce, as near as may be, 
perfect combustion, that one’s attention must 
be directed in any discussion on the subject 
of “smoke” and “smoke prevention.” 


e&6 CDG 


At the outset one naturally asks “What is 
smoke? How is it produced? Can it be pre- 
vented? Is it worth while to prevent it?” 
To the, first avety the answer is often made, 
BEE i suitbirndd carbon.” © But’ this: is 
anly * mae part “truth, for, the, same thing may be 
said of agthragits coat sow diamond, or an in- 
definite” jmsnber® rot Siher substances. Smoke 
fs ‘carbgn i wl a Gnely davided state escaping with 
thesptaqutts ¢ on *cpfitsw’stion from a place where 
céinfsitstion is more or less incomplete. 

By combustion is understood the chemical 
union of oxygen with the fuel. The source of 
oxygen supply is the atmosphere. To secure 
perfect combustion several conditions must ob- 
tain: (1) The air supply must be sufficient; 
(2) the intermingling of air and fuel must be 
complete and thorough so that every minute 
particle of each comes into direct and intimate 
contact with the other; (3) a temperature at 
which combustion takes place must be main- 
tained until combustion is complete. The ab- 
sence of any of these conditions results in 
imperfect combustion and is likely to result in 
the production of black smoke. 

In the burning of fuels rich in hydrocarbons, 
these three principles are fundamental. Take 
the ordinary gas burner. The gas issues from 
the tip in a thin flat sheet, offering a broad 
surface on two sides to the attack of the oxy- 
gen particles. Put a cold plate into the yel- 
low part of the flame and a deposit of soot 
is at once apparent, for the temperature.at the 
cool surface is below the temperature of com- 
bustion and carbon in a finely. divided state is 


4 


deposited out. In the bunsen burner if the 
slide be moved back and forth, which regulates 
the admission of air, the flame burns blue, or 
yellow and smoky, depending on whether the 
air supply is sufficient and the mixture com- 
plete. 

But bituminous coal is the smoke producing 
fuel and it is the methods for burning bitum- 
inous coal and the devices used to attain a 
maximum of economy and smokelessness that 
now claim attention. Chemical analysis of bi- 
tuminous coals show them to be a mixture of 
fixed carbon and volatile hydro-carbons in 
varying relative amounts, with volatile matter 
ranging all the way from 15% to 50%, the 
smokiness increasing in direct ratio with the 
volatile matter. 

Coal differs widely in heat values and other 
properties, such as percentage of ash, mois- 
ture, sulphur, iron, tendency to “cake” or “run 
on the grates,” etc. The bituminous coals from 
Ohio and Pennsylvania, from which fields 
Cleveland draws its principal supplies, range in 
heat value from 12,000 to 14,000 B. T. U., and 
in volatile matter from 30% to 40%. 

A perfect furnace is one in which the com- 
bustion is complete and the maximum heating 
value secured from the fuel. It is entirely pos- 
sible to construct a furnace in such a way that 
the volatile gases will all escape without burn- 
ing, and with such an arrangement we have 
the ordinary coke oven, with an efficiency as a 
heating or steam boiler furnace of zero, and 
a maximum as a smoke producer. Between 
this and the furnace of maximum efficiency 


5 


and minimum of smokiness there are an in- 
definite number of intermediate stages due to 
the fact that one or more of the conditions | 
enumerated above is not properly observed. 

The present discussion is confined chiefly to 
steam boiler furnaces, both for the reason that 
it is easy to determine the efficiency and econ- 
omy of such a furnace by suitable tests, and 
because in the larger cities where the “smoke 
nuisance” is a live and important problem the 
great majority of smoke producing stacks are 
in connection with steam boiler plants. 

When fresh coal is fed to the fire either by 
hand or by mechanical means, the first process 
which takes place is one of distillation. The 
volatile matter is given off at a temperature 
much lower than that at which combustion 
takes place, and in a very short time com- - 
pared to the time required to burn the fixed 
carbon or coke. This means that the air sup- 
ply must be considerably increased at the time 
coal is put into the furnace if stoking is done 
by hand, or that both the supply of air and of 
fuel must be regular and uniform if the stok- 
ing is done by mechanical means. In a hand- 
fired furnace if the air supply at all times is 
sufficient for the combustion of the volatile 
gases at the time when the fuel is supplied 
to the furnace, then it is too great for good 
economy, or, if arranged for conditions -of 
best economy it is not sufficient for smoke- 
less condition of the stack at the time of 
firing. The logical solution of the smoke ques- 
tion then, in connection with steam boiler 
plants, would seem to be an arrangement 


6 


whereby the supply of fuel and of air is uni- 

» form and continuous with some means of in- 
creasing or decreasing such supply with the 
change in demand on a steam plant. 

The mechanical stoker in various forms ac- 
complishes such uniformity of fuel supply, and 
proper furnace construction and damper ar- 
rangement governs in a very satisfactory way 
the air supply. 

Three quite distinct types of mechanical 
stokers are in very general use. 

One is the traveling or link grate in the 
form of an endless chain, a number of makes 
of which are in successful operation, as the 
Babcock & Wilcox, the Aultman-Taylor, the 
Greene, the McKenzie, the Victor, the Duluth. 
Onto this traveling grate the fuel is delivered 
from a hopper at the front, the coking or dis- 
tilling process occurring well to the front of 
the grate and the gases passing over the hot 
bed of coals before coming into contact with 
the surface of the boiler. The burning of the 
coke occurs throughout the central part of the 
grate, and at the extreme back the cinder and 
ash begin to cool off before being dropped into 
the ashpit, or as in the McKenzie, and the 
Victor, onto a dumping grate at the rear. For 
plants where the load is uniform and there is 
no occasion for severe forcing of the boiler, 
this is a very satisfactory type of stoker, and 
on account of the fact that it is self-cleaning it 
gives at all times, when the air supply is right, 
an almost perfectly smokeless stack and a high 

> economy in evaporation. 

A second type of stoker haswnclined grates 


"7 
‘ 


placed either in front, as the Roney, Wilkin- 
son and Brightman stokers, or at the sides, as 
the Murphy and -Detroit. These inclined 
grates are movable, the coal is fed onto them 
from a hopper at the top and is gradually 
worked downward. Some of them are pro- 
vided with clinker bars which work automatic- 
ally and keep the furnace practically free from 
ash, although they do not take care of the 
larger clinkers completely, making it necessary 


to clean fires one or more times during the 


day, depending on the amount and quality of 
coal which is being used. In the Murphy and 
Detroit stokers, in addition to the automatic 
feeding of the coal, great care is taken in the 
furnace construction to provide just the right 
supply of air and at the right place to secure 
complete combustion. This type of stoker gives 
excellent results as a smoke preventer, and 
shows high economy in fuel consumption. The 
oldest stoker equipments in the city are of that 
kind. 

The third type is the underfeed stoker, either 
the American or Jones. In this type the coal 
is fed into the furnace from underneath 
through a retort by means of a ram or screw 
and is forced upward into the centre of the 
firebox, the coking process taking place from 
below, the volatile matter passing up through 
the intensely heated coke at the top. With 
this tvpe of stoker it is necessary to use a 
forced draft, the ash-pit being closed up tight 
and kept under a pressure of several ounces. 
The fire is very similar to that in a black- 
smith’s forge. This type of furnace is not gen- 


8 


erally made self-cleaning, but very little ash is 
formed, the refuse being in the shape of large 
masses of clinker which can be easily pulled 
out through the door by a hook, the process of 
cleaning taking but a very short time. This 
type of stoker shows the same satisfactory re- 
sults in smoke prevention and economy as the 
others when properly handled, and admits of 
somewhat greater flexibility of operation. A 
mechanical stoker of any one of the several 
types above enumerated meets most of the re- 
quirements to be found in general stationary 
plants. 

Steam boiler furnaces on the down draft 
principle are quite extensively used. The one 
best known in Cleveland is the Hawley Down 
Draft. In a furnace of this type fresh coal 
is supplied at the top on a water grate with 
rather wide openings, the air passes down 
through this and over a lower grate onto 
which the coal drops as the coking process 
takes place. Furnaces of this type are prac- 
tically smokeless when properly operated. 

The Puddington furnace comprises a retort 
or gas generator in some suitable place, gen- 
erally in the bridge wall, through which a 
small supply of oil is driven by means of a fine 
jet of steam. The gas generated in this retort 
is projected out of small nozzles from the 
front of the bridge wall over the fire. Some 
little distance in front of the bridge wall is 
built a deflecting arch suitably supported. The 
gases as they are given off from the fresh 
coal are deflected downward by the suspended 
arch and must pass up through the intense 


9 


flame made by the burning gas before passing 
over the bridge wall. At this point is admitted 
an additional supply of air which is thoroughly 
mixed with the gases and a high temperature is 
maintained: This furnace’ isa) satistactory 
smoke preventer, effects considerable economy 
in fuel and meets very well the severe condi- 
tions imposed by a plant with extremely vari- 
able load. It is also of easy application to 
heating and annealing furnaces, to large stills, 
brick kilns, etc., where mechanical stokers are 
out of the question. 

Much experimenting has been done and some 
considerable success attained in the use of 
powdered coal during the past few years. The 
coal is thoroughly dried, ground into a fine 
powder and blown with an air blast into the 
firebox, where it burns with a clear white flame 
and intense heat, much as a jet of oil would 
burn. The stack is clear and the economy is 
said to be high. The conditions for combustion 
are ideal, but difficulties in the preparation and 
handling of the fuel in this form have delayed 
its application to small boiler plants. It has 
met with the greatest success in cement plants 
where no other fuel save oil or natural gas 
would serve the purpose, and is being success- 
fully applied to heating and annealing furnaces. 
The apparatus for handling fuel in this form 
is made by C. O. Bartlett in this city, and his 
boiler plant is operated with powdered coal. 

In the ordinary hand-fired furnace with plain 
flat grates, a steam jet projected over the top 
of the fire from the front or sides and fre- 
quently provided with an air attachment for 


Io 


regulating the steam and air supply at the 
time of firing is of frequent application. It 
does fairly well as a smoke preventer where the 
conditions are not too severe, and when pro- 
vided with an automatic means of controlling 
the steam and air supply. The steam projected 
in over the fire seems to play a double role, 
that of increasing the draft at the time it is 
needed, acting as a sort of injector to bring 
in additional air supply and also to mix the air 
thoroughly with the gases given off by the coal. 
A large number of devices of this kind of dif- 
ferent makes are in satisfactory use in Cleve- 
land. They are installed by W. F. Black, W. 
E. Cubben, T. W. McCue, E. F. Honness, of 
Cleveland, and G. H. Scharf, of Ypsilanti. 
Mich. 

There are plants where the load is so vari- 
able and the changes so sudden, the demands 
of steam so great at one time and so small at 
another, that an automatic mechanical stoker 
is not altogether satisfactory. There are some 
plants where the load is at all times so heavy 
that a mechanical stoker will not meet the 
demands. There are still other plants (these 
are, however, confined chiefly to heating plants 
in apartment houses and small office build- 
ings), consisting of one boiler, where the load 
is so light that the fire is never hot enough 
to maintain good combustion and secure smoke- 
less conditions. These several conditions need 
varying methods of treatment. 

The obvious solution of a plant with a 
greatly overloaded boiler, either from the 
standpoint of economy or any other point of 


LE 


view, is increased boiler capacity. About the 
only solution of the problem for the small 
heating plants is the use of fuel which has 
only a small per cent of volatile matter, such 
as hard coal, coke, or smokeless coal, or else 
the use of central heating plants and the elim- 
inating of the small nlant entirely from the 
question. 

The plant of the fluctuating load is the one 
which is hardest to handle. If a mechanical 
stoker is used at all in this kind of a plant a 
stoker of the underfeed type with means of 
varying automatically the fuel and air supply 
to meet the varying load gives best results. 

Whether the furnace be hand-fired or me- 
chanically stoked the fundamental conditions 
must be observed in order to attain smokeless- 
ness, namely, sufficient air supply properly 
mixed and temperature maintained at or above 
the combustion point until combusion is com- 
pleted. Generally speaking, it is not difficult to 
supply sufficient air. The problem of properly 
mixing this with the fuel and of maintaining 
the temperature at the right point until com- 
bustion is complete is somewhat more compli- 
cated, but not by any means an impossible one 
nor one presenting serious obstacles. 

In the last analysis the test of a smoke pre- 
venting device is the appearance of the top of 
the stack, and of this any man endowed with 
the sense of sight is a judge, and one man is 
as good a judge as another, though it is a fact 
frequently noted by the Supervising Engineer 
that the layman never sees a smoke stack ex- 
cept when it is smoking badly, and a bad 


12 


smoker once cured is speedily forgotten. The 
test of the economy of a device is in the size 
of the coal bill, and of this the man who has to 
pay the bill is the cne most capable of forming 
an accurate judgment. Before final judgment 
can be passed on the cost of operating a plant 
one must know how much coal is used, how 
much water is being evaporated, and also what 
per cent of the total output of the boiler is 
used to operate the smoke preventer or me- 
chanical stoker. This is, generally speaking, 
an easy matter to determine. 

The tendency in modern development is for 
mechanical or automatic handling of materials, 
and the mechanica! automatic handling of coal 
in a plant: of any size is in line with modern 
development, so that the installation of a me- 
chanical stoker equipment in a large plant is 
made with a view to economy in labor as well 
as economy in fuel consumption; but even in 
small plants where the cost of labor has not 
been changed by the mechanical stoker instal- 
lation, it is the almost universal testimony that 
the use of a stoker or smoke preventing de- 
vice effects a net economy when all additional 
expenses which can be properly charged to 
it are taken into account. 

A smokeless stack may be an evidence of an 
excess of air rather than an evidence of per- 
fect combustion and maximum economy. How- 
ever, the experience of this department is 
such as to warrant the statement that smoke 
prevention and fuel economy are synonymous 
terms, and this statement is borne out by the 


13 


records of tests and the letters of well known 
men included in this bulletin. 

‘These are only a few selected at random 
from ‘material on file in the office of the 
Supervising Engineer to answer the queries: 
“Can smoke be prevented?” “Is it worth 
while to prevent it?” 


Test at Harmon Street School, March 23, 1900. 


Kind "o£ botlerc oa. amaaien tact neers horizontal tubular 
Sizeof: boiler. ==. =. 16 long by 60” diam. 82 3” tubes 
H. P. of boiler....basis of 10 sq. ft.'to aH. P:—108 
Kindwof furnacernri. acts Murphy automatic smokeless 
Kind of fuel. Bituminous slack (said to be Massillon) 
Durations of “test one ere aie ae eee eight (8) hours 
Method of starting and stopping test...... alternate 
Size of grate surface...... 5—0” by 4—0”—20 sq. ft. 
Proportion of air space to whole grate......... 33% 
Water “heating ‘surfaces «mutter nee 1,080 sq. ft. 
Ratio of heating surface to grate area....... 54 to 1 
Feed water entering boiler... ... 7-2 34 degrees 
Escaping gases leaving boiler........... 385 degrees 
Weight of: coal :usede.0 5 vs ia ene 3,775 lbs. 
Per cent: of ‘moisture: in coall/itsanate snateenatete 4.02% 
TLotalvidry” coal used xc <2 1s) ssics eter 3,624 lbs. 
Total ash and refuse. (<..7)... .nctabye eteneecer 557 lbs. 
Total combustible’ burned .;. .~... 32 eee 3,067 lbs. 
Per cent. of ash and refuse..........06 hoe 14.75% 
Smoke prevention 2’... 5 ici eu on oh tanene ene 100% 
Dry. coal consumed per: hour..<.4... <n aiee teem 453 Ibs. 
Dry coal burned per sq. ft. grate area per hour.. 

ei tarla Scop hcg Bice 9 ue ieee aI see aces Wao 22.65 Ibs. 
Combustible burned per hour.............. 387.37 lbs 
Combustible burned per hour per sq. ft. grate.... 

oo Bile a hentia Te sh gisele) Mahe ta tote cota tcaana Neteller eae nen 19.16 lbs. 
Total water ted to boiler....3 suen ane 30,800 lbs. 
Eq. water from and at 212 degrees......... 37,576 lbs. 
Factor’ ‘of evaporation : 9.32.5 Sis setae 1.22 
Water evap. per hour from and at 212 degrees.... 

erie ycsatiau Site. o2 Bye Wo Aa ont) Ee Saal EE ee ee 4,697 lbs. 
Water evap. per hour from and at 212 degrees 

per sq. ft. water heating surface........ 4.35 lbs. 
Horse power: developed. 2225.23 sen ee ee ee 186 
Watervevap: per lbs of coalzactiale ns vamee 8.16 lbs. 
Water evap. per lb. dry coal actual........... 8.5 Ibs. 
Water evap. per lb. dry coal from and at 212 

GESTEES ee I es eae he 10.36 Ths. 
Water evap. per Ib. combustible........... 12.25 Ibs. 

ANALYSIS: OF DRY: COAL, 
Volatile: matter 0 35 ectoici cuckoo ee 41.44% 


EPCOS CALDOMBER Re aS (bala se, cls 'e ecb tele cries eis wreients 46.42% 
clMR IERIE ei 08. uh on tele. ye Aa Pre 


The above statement 13 Sesrrect: Do! 
ed ks a Barnum, 


a 39, 2 Supt. of Blegs.. 
Test at the Van Dern’ Txon’Go., Dec. 22, Tact. 
Mubulace DOmer ns stec)ce-.= = 230 oe 34 DY 18°547>tubes 
Murphy automatic furnace. ..2.3 2.2. 62-0”, dy > 5H—0” 
Durationsofatestasat st. .ts4 ios be 2. 709.92. >2,9 tours 
Weirbtaot coal as Dred. .ccceea css 0 be Ont 1 DS. 
Per mCentAnO Le Aasilamtiy svete ts sia lenace o\ srehelelsheranehenaiens 19 
DrvercOdlepeteOUG cs sas cers a siare etefeteien «enone che 920 Ibs. 
Average. temp: “escaping gases........ 1 564.8 degrees 
AV CHAP COUT ALTER sexo Sib terre eee Osler ideas ae ele .5 inch 
Horse-power developed Pe SAE OFAL OO DRO OER 232 
Horse-power builders’ rating... ..)f203.)03. 060s 175 
Pemicent Wavovee TaAUIG shod s.¢ 5 si sires ds» a 5's Gs 26 
Betampration per lo. cosl actuals. -.cs eee es: 8.79 
Evap. per lb. dry coal from and at 212°..... 9.75 lbs. 


Evap. per lb. combustible from and at 212°...12 Ibs. 
Smoke prevention—Clear except trace twice of periods 
of minute each. 


(Signed.) The Van Dorn Iron Works Co., 
ies Bs. Vany Dorm: Vice Pres. 


Test on Cleveland Arcade Bldg., May 21, 1902. 


Nandgotecielonsas ste chien Massillon Slack Coal 
Ordinary Jones Under- Gain 
Grates. Feed Stoker with 


Stok. 
Duration of trial, 10 
NOULSmerie were te 2: 10 10 
Average stack draft in 5 
Wa bet morta swctteve,c ctor avs 0.65” 0.5 Aiahe 
Force of blast in fur- 
Nacemin= water se cea 4.2 —- 
Mage eh of coal as fired, 
Reta s. wobre bilecashacs, 10,500 8,700 1,800 
Percentage of ash and 
refuse in dry coal.... 13.7% 14.6% 0.9% 
Dry coal consumed per 
Houtrelpsiks ieee 995.4 822.2 173.2 


Horse-Power— 

Horse-power developed 

3414 lbs. of water 

evap. per hr. into dry - 

steam from and at 

Rize veqtials 1TeHs Pe 193.5 216.0 22.5 
Boiler-H. P. based on 

12 sq. ft. heating sur- 


faCen PArat Elbe aac 87.3 . 87.3 
Percentage overload 
above) Tatinlieras v6 oe 121.8% 147.5% 25.7% 


15 


Economic Results— 
Water- apparently. evap. . 
péy. Ik. of, cpal under ; 


actual conditions <.. (6.11 8.21 Pa 
Percentage “incréase*c 3 72 34.4 
Equivalent: evap, from: oat 

vand at 212 per db. © oovenee 

cof combust: bie , Siselay ase os CCE Se ope sO262 2.84 
“Percentage increase’ *. ©‘ * 36.5 


Rédlatiye to thé avove, it is noted that at the 
time‘ ae each +ést, tite boiler was run far above 
its rating, and undoubtedly also far above the 
output at which it would give greatest eff- 
ciency. The coal burned per sq. ft. of grate, 
and the water evaporated per lb. prove that 
the exceptionally great overload was obtained. 

During the first test the hand-firing was of 
the most careful character, and much better 
than possible for the average fireman, and 
also much better than it would be reasonable 
to expect of the best firemen for regular 
service. 

The results obtained proved that with the 
stoker the boiler could be forced to a greater 
overload than by hand-firing, and at the same 
time with greater efficiency, but as before 
stated better results would probably be ob- 
tained by operating the boilers nearer their 
rating. 

Respectfully submitted, 
(Signed. ) E. P. Roberts & Co. 
By E. P. Roberts. 


Test at Cleveland Woolen Mills. 


Paring 052 soe ee ees ee Hand. Stoker. 
Boiler,.internally tired te ce 5 -aa.- erect 2—42” furnaces 
Duration; hours) ive s.cee ceereree ereie een LORS 9 


Kind of coal—Goshen run-of-mine; 
Salineville slack. 


Cost: “of::coal: "per tons acon eee $2.05 $1.35 
Goals-pers-hour; lbs. eee eee 735.6 949.3 
Refuse; .pér Vicente. lose eeeeae ce 14.31 8.67 


Actual ‘evaporation per lb. coal...... 7.49 7.79 
Evaporation F. & .A. .212° per Ib. 


COs ee tmy leet stern s salah cs late ctl My cre ae ot 7.994 8.425 
EDO PACE Veloped Brees cicvatrss aie ie lst st oils altars 170.45 232 
Gain in evaporation, per cent......... 5.39 
Savinigsainerdel. percent... os... ss 37.5 
Cost to evaporate 1,000 lbs. water 

i TO TUE AIT Laine babes UE Qukecet sacl ois. « et s,a.sl Swe es =! $0.128 $0.80 


We hereby certify that the foregoing report 
is true and correct. 


(Signed. ) Phillip Elliott, 
For Cleveland Woolen Mills. 
(Signed. ) A. Malm. 


For the Underfeed Stoker Co. of America, 
Marquette Building, Chicago. 


Test at Cleveland Paper Co.’s Broadway Plant, 
Sept. 17, 1896. 


DD asALIONMMO LE CESL.tti tere esti hon ehoneie < 8 hours, 0 min. 
Coal consumed, bituminous. slack, Youghio- 

REGIA Go.2yhcy ASTER oo EES SESS CIES ie rane euro 6,270 Ibs 
I SEECETIN MOLMASIICS 0 ns Satan sc, ciel cl bes cle ene sere si as 12.4 
Ibs. of water evap. per lb. of coal from and 

AIMEE sl oe MENA I Trop sectckep ela sia cre oetwe: eyehane ey eaeeee eet aneitete. Gite 9.77 
Lbs. of water evap. per lb. of combustible from 

Ie teme Wea tel ail tyn vente: ater sane ebet tape tesa us ete re oe iltealel 


The above test was made during the usual 
operation of the mill and without any special 
preparation of the boilers, which were equipped 
with Brightman stokers. 

The chimney was smokeless during the en- 
tire run excepting four or five times when the 
air spaces in grates were cleaned, when there 
was a puff of light gray smoke. 

_A light gray smoke was emitted for about 
eight minutes when the fires were cleaned. 
This occurred twice only. 


The above test and report was made by 
Chas. Goffing, M. E. 
Cleveland Water Works. 


17 


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Cleveland, O:, Jan: 10, To05:, 
John Krauss, 


Supervising Engineer, 
City of Cleveland. 


Dear Sir:—Answering your favor of the 
18th would say that within the last two years 
we have practically thrown out our old Boiler 
Plant and installed in its place, a new one. 
This change was made with three objects in 
view as follows: Economy, General Effi- 
ciency, and elimination of smoke. We have 
not as yet run the new plant long enough to 
give any figures but we do feel that we have 
practically accomplished what we were after. 
At a later date we will have accumulated 
some data on the subject and would be very 
glad to give you any figures of the results 
brought about from the change we have made. 


Yours truly, 
The W. S:- Tyler. Co., 
Proctor Patterson, Secy. 


Cleveland, 0; Jants10.1005. 
Jno. Krause, 


Supervising Engineer, 
City. 


Dear Sir:—Your favor of the 18th inst. re- 
ceived and in reply would say, we have not 
as yet got far enough along with our boiler 
plant to give you close estimates as to the 
economy with our Chain Grate Feed. We are, 
however, perfectly satisfied in our own minds 
that there is great economy, as we have elim- 
inated practically every bit of smoke as far as 
the new boilers are concerned, and we are 
equally sure that every pound of coal that we 
put under the boilers is thoroughly burned 
and that no. part of it, of any. value at alt; 


24 


goes into the ash pile. That to us is a great 
Saving we are sure over our old tubular boil- 
ers, and we expect that figures will show a 
very great saving. We think, however, for 
your purpose, some of the other people who 
have used these boilers very much longer 
than we have, can give you detail figures, as 
we shall be glad to do later on. 

We expect Monday to put on the third of 
our big B. & W. boilers and after that time 
the smoke nuisance as far as we are con- 
cerned, will be practically entirely eliminated. 


Yours truly 
The Cleveland Hardware Co., 
C. E. Adams, Gen, Mer. 


Cleveland, O., July 26, 1904. 
Mr. John Krause, 
City eHall; 
Cleveland, O. 


Dear Sir:—Some time ago you asked the 
writer to give an expression of his opinion 
of the value of stokers, and the possibility of 
economy over hand firing. 

We were very loth to install stokers here, 
we did not believe that they would do all 
that was claimed for them, but after a very 
careful investigation, and we might add that. 
our investigation was inspired by the possi- 
bility of being subjected to annoyance through 
legal process by your department, we installed 
the Jones Automatic Stokers under our four 
boilers, and we are highly pleased with the 
result obtained. It is nothing short of blind- 
ness, for any concern, who generates their 
own power, not to install some automatic de- 
vice for the burning of their fuel. Under the 
old system of hand firing we burned from 18. 
to 22 tons of coal per day, consumption vary- 


25 


ing with the quality of coal used, and it was 
frequently necessary for us to have two fire- 
men and a coal passer to take care of three 
boilers. This coal cost us from $1.90 to $2.25 
per ton, according to the supply and demand, 
and the results were anything but satisfactory. 
It is necessary for us at our plant to carry 
between 95 and 100 pounds of steam con- 
stantly, because on our steam pressure depends 
the capacity of our pumps to relieve our con- 
densers of water, and a variation of five 
pounds in our steam pressure completely de- 
ranges our evaporating apparatus. Since we 
have installed our stokers we are using coal 
costing from 50 to 75 cents a ton less, and 
the results are decidedly better and our steam 
never varies over two or three pounds, and 
we are burning about 6 tons of coal per day 
less than under the old system of hand firing. 
It appeals to the writer that a system of 
automatic firing is preferable to hand firing, 
aside from an economical fuel consumption, 
as a more uniform head of steam is possible. 


Yours very truly, 
The Cleveland Salt Co., 
R. W. White, Pres. 


Cleveland, O., Feb. 1, 1905. 
Mr. John Krause, 
Supervising Engineer, 
City of Cleveland. 


Dear Sir:—Answering your favor of the 
18th relative to Smoke Prevention and Fuel 
economy. When our Power Plant was under 
consideration, the necessity of smoke consump- 
tion. or smoke prevention was considered al- 
most paramount to fuel economy. The use 
of automatic.stokers was urged upon us and 
their adoption has proven the possibility of 


26 


having an almost smokeless stack while burn- 
ing low grade coal. 

We regret we are unable to give you figures 
showing just what saving the use of these 
stokers has accomplished, but we are satisfied 
it amounts to considerable and the general 
efficiency of the plant has been increased. 

Yours truly 
American Can Company, 
Cleveland Factory, 


H. W. Meyer, Mer. 


Cleveland, O., Jan. 20, 1905. 


Mr. John Krause, 
Supervising Engineer, 
City. 

Dear Sir:—In reply to your letter of Jan. 
18th. 

The stokers that we installed two years ago 
have practically eliminated all our smoke, and 
the first year we used them we burned 499 
tons of coal less than we did the previous year 
with all the conditions practically the same. 

Yours very truly, 
The Sheriff St. Market & Storage Co., 
Homer M. Daniel, Mer. 


Cleveland, Jan. 21, 1905. 
Mr. John Krause, 
Supervising Engineer, 
City. 
Dear Sir :—Replying to your inquiry regard- 
ing smoke preventing appliance. About four 


months ago, we had the Puddington Fuel 
Economizer installed under our boilers. The 


27 


results have been very satisfactory. Our draft 
conditions are not very good, but even with 
this handicap the trouble over smoke has been 
almost entirely eliminated. This. ‘in - itself 
would be enough to make us feel very kindly 
towards the appliance, but in addition to this, 
it is clearly apparent we are making quite a 
saving in fuel. We have not gone into an 
exhaustive test in order to ascertain the exact 
percentage of saving, owing to our being 
equipped with a Holly Return System, which 
would necessitate disconnecting the same dur- 
ing the test. This would entail a considerable 
amount of labor we did not deem necessary. 
We have, however, made careful comparisons 
in the same days of different weeks, weighing 
all coal consumed. After carefully consider- 
ing conditions, the results satisfied us that we 
were making a substantial economy. 

Our experience with the device so _ far 
prompts us to recommend it without hesitancy 
to anyone requiring a “System” of this kind. 


Yours very truly, 
The Troy Laundry Co., 
Henry W. Stoer, Pres. & Treas. 


<i 


Cleveland, O., Feb. 4, ee 
‘Cleveland Smoke Abating Co., 
T.. W. McCue, Gen. Mere 
City. 


Dear Sir:—Replying to your favor of the 
‘third, will say that after about two years time, 
we find that the smoke consuming device that 
you put on our boilers, is not only satisfactory 
in every way, but is also a saver in fuel bills. 
As near as we can figure, this saving is 
about ten to fifteen per cent. Before the de- 
vice was installed, we had a great many 
ccomplaints from our neighbors, in regard to 


28 


smoke; however, are pleased now to say that 

these complaints have entirely ceased, and we 

can cheerfully recommend your device to any 

factory or company who are having trouble 

about the smoke nuisance. 
In the meantime we remain, 
Very truly yours, 
The Ohio Creamery & Supply Co., 
Neal Young, Pres. 


Cleveland, July 20, 1904. 
Mr. W. F. Black, 
Gity. 

Dear Sir:—Replying to yours of the 7th 
inst., we are pleased to advise that we are 
using two of your Jackson Automatic Smoke 
Preventers and are very much pleased with 
results obtained from them. We cheerfully 
recommend your Consumer to anyone need- 
ing anything in this line. 

Very truly yours, 
Peerless Motor Car Co., 
F. S. Macouerk. 


: Cleveland, O., Feb. 7, 1905. 
Mr. Jno. Krause, 
Smoke Inspector, City. 


Dear Sir :—In reply to your inquiry as to the 
working of our Smoke Consumer would say, 
that we have had in use for nearly 3 years the 
device put in for us by Mr. Edwin Honess, 
and have been much pleased with its working. 
It having diminished the smoke from our 
stacks as shown by test, to an average of 95%, 
at times we have shown a greater reduction 


29 


than this, but in naming 95% we give you a 
conservative estimate of results. We have 
accomplished even more than we anticipated, 
at the time Mr. Edwin Honess put the device 
in for us. 

We have no hesitation in indorsing Mr. Ed- 
witt Honess’s work as being strictly first-class 
so far as applied to ourselves. 

With best regards, 


Yours truly, 
Peck, Stow & Wilcox Co., 
A. R. Treadway, Pres. 


Cleveland, O., Jan. I9, 1905. 
John Krause, Esq., 
Supervising Engineer, 
City: 


Dear Sir:— At your request, I beg to 
inform you that I am _ using smokeless 
coal in several boilers of different apart- 
ment houses under my charge, and can state 
from observation and experience that that 
kind of fuel has given us better satisfaction 
than any other soft coal, and is not more ex- 
pensive than the other coal. At any rate, we 
are satisfying our tenants much better with 
the smokeless coal, and furthermore, we are 
satisfying our neighbors also. During the last 
thirty days I have made ‘experiments with 
using smokeless slack, mixed with nut hard 
coal, and using nine-tenths of smokeless to 
one-tenth part of hard coal, that is, I have 
my fireman take nine wheelbarrows of smoke- 
less coal and one wheelbarrow of hard coal,. 
mix them, and fire them afterwards. 

I can state that the difference in the cost 
of the hard coal is made up by the difference 
in the saving of using less coal altogether, and. 


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if you wish to advise your clients to try this, 
they will find my statement correct, and also 
find that the mixture is much better for the 
grates. 

You may use this letter at your own dis- 
cretion. 


Very truly yours, 
J. Timendorfer. 


Cleveland, O., Jan. 19, 1905. 


Mr. John Krause, 
Office of Supervising Engineer, 
City of Cleveland. 


Dear Sir:—Yours of the 18th at hand. We 
wish to say that we are using smokeless coal 
in six large buildings and find that same gives 
the best of satisfaction. We cannot say whether 
it costs more or less because we have no way 
of testing same, and as the weather is never 
of the same temperature in the same months 
of the year, we can hardly tell by comparison, 
but we find that there is no soot, and the 
owners of boilers are not compelled to scrape 
their flues several times a day and gives a 
nice lasting slow fire. We are better satis- 
fied than when using other coal. 


Yours truly, 
John Schaber. 


P. S.. The writer wishes to say that since 
having a talk with you and since the time 
he has been using smokeless coal, he finds 
that it gives better satisfaction with less dirt 
and labor. As to the cost I am hardly in 
position as yet to state which is the cheaper. 


R. Flurey. 
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Cleveland, O., Jan. 23, 1905. 


Mr. John Krause, 
Supervising Engineer, 


Cleveland. 


Dear Sir:—I desire to thank you for the 
suggestion which you made to me last fall, 
that I use Smokeless Coal at my apartment 
building, The Rawson. It has been my ex- 
perience that the use of this fuel gives 
excellent satisfaction, as it requires less coal 
than the ordinary Run of Mine which we 
formerly used, thereby cutting down the 
amount of labor necessary in firing. I also 
find that the cost is not any greater than that 
of the coal used heretofore. ; 

However the greatest source of satisfaction 
is in the cleanliness of this fuel, on account 
of the great reduction in the amount of smoke. 
I most heartily recommend this Smokeless 
Coal’ to all users. of inel: 


Yours very truly, 
Thos. Sloan. 


In view of the above testimony, it is plain 
not only that the municipality at large is bene- 
fited in health and cleanliness by a strict en- 
forcement of the letter of the law on Smoke 
Abatement, but that the individual offender 
is a material gainer when compelled to observe 
its several provisions. 


Department of Smoke Abatement, 
John Krause, | 
Supervising Engineer. 
H. W. Woodward, 
Ist Asst. Engineer. 
Feb. I, 1905. 


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